Porta, Marco; Dondi, Piercarlo; Pianetta, Alice; Cantoni, Virginio
SPEye: A Calibration-Free Gaze-Driven Text Entry Technique Based on Smooth Pursuit Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems, vol. 52, iss. 2, pp. 312-323, 2022.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Eye writing
@article{9619860,
title = {SPEye: A Calibration-Free Gaze-Driven Text Entry Technique Based on Smooth Pursuit},
author = {Marco Porta and Piercarlo Dondi and Alice Pianetta and Virginio Cantoni},
doi = {10.1109/THMS.2021.3123202},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-01},
urldate = {2021-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems},
volume = {52},
issue = {2},
pages = {312-323},
abstract = {Gaze-based text entry is undoubtedly one of the most useful applications of eye-tracking technology for human-machine interaction, both in the assistive context (users with severe motor disabilities can exploit such writing modalities to communicate with the world) and as a way to allow touchless text input in everyday life. Different eye-driven text entry methods have been developed to date, and almost all of them require preliminary calibration procedures to work correctly. When a short text, such as a password or a PIN, needs to be entered without using hands or voice, calibration may be perceived as an unnecessary nuisance (and may not be properly maintained in public places due to “ambient noise,” caused, for example, by nearby people). Inadequate calibration may also be a problem in case of assistive uses. In this article we present SPEye, a calibration-free eye-controlled writing technique based on smooth pursuit. Although its writing speed is significantly lower than that of ordinary calibrated methods, the absence of an initial calibration makes it suitable for short text entry. The technique has been tested through several experiments, obtaining good performances in terms of key strokes per character and total error rate metrics, and receiving positive feedback from the participants in the tests.},
keywords = {Eye writing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bafna, Tanya; Bækgaard, Per; Hansen, John Paulin Paulin
EyeTell: Tablet-based Calibration-free Eye-typing using Smooth-pursuit movements Inproceedings
In: ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, pp. 1–6, 2021.
BibTeX | Tags: calibration-free, Eye writing, eye-tracking, Gaze interaction with mobile devices, mobile, smooth-pursuit, tablet, text entry
@inproceedings{bafna2021eyetell,
title = {EyeTell: Tablet-based Calibration-free Eye-typing using Smooth-pursuit movements},
author = {Tanya Bafna and Per Bækgaard and John Paulin Paulin Hansen},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
booktitle = {ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications},
pages = {1--6},
keywords = {calibration-free, Eye writing, eye-tracking, Gaze interaction with mobile devices, mobile, smooth-pursuit, tablet, text entry},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Bafna, Tanya; Bækgaard, Per; Hansen, John Paulin
Mental fatigue prediction during eye-typing Journal Article
In: Plos one, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. e0246739, 2021.
BibTeX | Tags: Cognition, eye movements, Eye writing, Fatigue, Gaze interaction with ordinary computers, Language, Machine learning, Neurology, Pupil, User context estimation from eye movements
@article{bafna2021mental,
title = {Mental fatigue prediction during eye-typing},
author = {Tanya Bafna and Per Bækgaard and John Paulin Hansen},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Plos one},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {e0246739},
publisher = {Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA},
keywords = {Cognition, eye movements, Eye writing, Fatigue, Gaze interaction with ordinary computers, Language, Machine learning, Neurology, Pupil, User context estimation from eye movements},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Feng, Wenxin; Zou, Jiangnan; Kurauchi, Andrew; Morimoto, Carlos H; Betke, Margrit
HGaze Typing: Head-Gesture Assisted Gaze Typing Book Chapter
In: ACM ETRA 2021 -- Best Paper Award, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2021, ISBN: 9781450383448.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Eye writing, Gaze-based assistive technologies, Gaze-supported multimodal interaction
@inbook{10.1145/3448017.3457379,
title = {HGaze Typing: Head-Gesture Assisted Gaze Typing},
author = {Wenxin Feng and Jiangnan Zou and Andrew Kurauchi and Carlos H Morimoto and Margrit Betke},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3448017.3457379},
isbn = {9781450383448},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
booktitle = {ACM ETRA 2021 -- Best Paper Award},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
abstract = {This paper introduces a bi-modal typing interface, HGaze Typing, which combines the simplicity of head gestures with the speed of gaze inputs to provide efficient and comfortable dwell-free text entry. HGaze Typing uses gaze path information to compute candidate words and allows explicit activation of common text entry commands, such as selection, deletion, and revision, by using head gestures (nodding, shaking, and tilting). By adding a head-based input channel, HGaze Typing reduces the size of the screen regions for cancel/deletion buttons and the word candidate list, which are required by most eye-typing interfaces. A user study finds HGaze Typing outperforms a dwell-time-based keyboard in efficacy and user satisfaction. The results demonstrate that the proposed method of integrating gaze and head-movement inputs can serve as an effective interface for text entry and is robust to unintended selections.},
keywords = {Eye writing, Gaze-based assistive technologies, Gaze-supported multimodal interaction},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
Bafna, Tanya; Hansen, John Paulin Paulin; Baekgaard, Per
Cognitive load during eye-typing Inproceedings
In: ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, pp. 1–8, 2020.
BibTeX | Tags: Eye writing, Gaze-based assistive technologies, User context estimation from eye movements
@inproceedings{bafna2020cognitive,
title = {Cognitive load during eye-typing},
author = {Tanya Bafna and John Paulin Paulin Hansen and Per Baekgaard},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
booktitle = {ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications},
pages = {1--8},
keywords = {Eye writing, Gaze-based assistive technologies, User context estimation from eye movements},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Matulewski, Jacek; Patera, Mateusz
Comparison of three dwell-time-based gaze text entry methods Inproceedings
In: ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, pp. 1–5, 2020.
BibTeX | Tags: Eye writing
@inproceedings{matulewski2020comparison,
title = {Comparison of three dwell-time-based gaze text entry methods},
author = {Jacek Matulewski and Mateusz Patera},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
booktitle = {ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications},
pages = {1--5},
keywords = {Eye writing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Kurauchi, Andrew; Feng, Wenxin; Joshi, Ajjen; Morimoto, Carlos H.; Betke, Margrit
Swipe&Switch: Text Entry Using Gaze Paths and Context Switching Inproceedings
In: Adjunct Publication of the 33rd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, pp. 84–86, Association for Computing Machinery, Virtual Event, USA, 2020, ISBN: 9781450375153.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Eye tracking, eye typing, Eye writing, Gaze interaction paradigms, gaze swiping, Gaze-based assistive technologies, gesture-based typing, text entry
@inproceedings{Kurauchi:UIST2020,
title = {Swipe&Switch: Text Entry Using Gaze Paths and Context Switching},
author = {Andrew Kurauchi and Wenxin Feng and Ajjen Joshi and Carlos H. Morimoto and Margrit Betke},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3379350.3416193},
doi = {10.1145/3379350.3416193},
isbn = {9781450375153},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
booktitle = {Adjunct Publication of the 33rd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology},
pages = {84–86},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {Virtual Event, USA},
series = {UIST '20 Adjunct},
abstract = {Swipe-based methods for text entry by gaze allow users to swipe through the letters of a word by gaze, analogous to how they can swipe with a finger on a touchscreen keyboard. Two challenges for these methods are: (1) gaze paths do not possess clear start and end positions, and (2) it is difficult to design text editing features. We introduce Swipe&Switch, a text-entry interface that uses swiping and switching to improve gaze-based interaction. The interface contains three context regions, and detects the start/end of a gesture and emits text editing commands (e.g., word insertion, deletion) when a user switches focus between these regions. A user study showed that Swipe&Switch provides a better user experience and higher text entry rate over a baseline, EyeSwipe.},
keywords = {Eye tracking, eye typing, Eye writing, Gaze interaction paradigms, gaze swiping, Gaze-based assistive technologies, gesture-based typing, text entry},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Rajanna, Vijay; Hansen, John Paulin
Gaze typing in virtual reality: impact of keyboard design, selection method, and motion Inproceedings
In: Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications, pp. 1–10, 2018.
BibTeX | Tags: Eye writing, Gaze interaction in 3D (VR/AR/MR & real world)
@inproceedings{rajanna2018gaze,
title = {Gaze typing in virtual reality: impact of keyboard design, selection method, and motion},
author = {Vijay Rajanna and John Paulin Hansen},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications},
pages = {1--10},
keywords = {Eye writing, Gaze interaction in 3D (VR/AR/MR & real world)},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Hansen, John Paulin; Alapetite, Alexandre; Thomsen, Martin; Wang, Zhongyu; Minakata, Katsumi; Zhang, Guangtao
Head and gaze control of a telepresence robot with an HMD Inproceedings
In: Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications, pp. 1–3, 2018.
BibTeX | Tags: Eye writing, Gaze-based assistive technologies, Gaze-controlled vehicles
@inproceedings{hansen2018head,
title = {Head and gaze control of a telepresence robot with an HMD},
author = {John Paulin Hansen and Alexandre Alapetite and Martin Thomsen and Zhongyu Wang and Katsumi Minakata and Guangtao Zhang},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications},
pages = {1--3},
keywords = {Eye writing, Gaze-based assistive technologies, Gaze-controlled vehicles},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Minakata, Katsumi; Thomsen, Martin; Hansen, John Paulin
Bicycles and Wheelchairs for Locomotion Control of a Simulated Telerobot Supported by Gaze- and Head-Interaction Inproceedings
In: Proceedings of the 11th PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments Conference, pp. 371–378, Association for Computing Machinery, Corfu, Greece, 2018, ISBN: 9781450363907.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: accessibility, Eye writing, gaze interaction, human-robot interaction, Telerobot, Virtual reality
@inproceedings{10.1145/3197768.3201573,
title = {Bicycles and Wheelchairs for Locomotion Control of a Simulated Telerobot Supported by Gaze- and Head-Interaction},
author = {Katsumi Minakata and Martin Thomsen and John Paulin Hansen},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3197768.3201573},
doi = {10.1145/3197768.3201573},
isbn = {9781450363907},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments Conference},
pages = {371–378},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {Corfu, Greece},
series = {PETRA '18},
abstract = {We present an interface for control of a telerobot that supports field-of-view panning, mode selections and keyboard typing by head- and gaze-interaction. The utility of the interface was tested by 19 able-bodied participants controlling a virtual telerobot from a wheelchair mounted on rollers which measure its wheel rotations, and by 14 able-bodied participants controlling the telerobot with a exercise bike. Both groups tried the interface twice: with head- and with gaze-interaction. Comparing wheelchair and bike locomotion control, the wheelchair simulator was faster and more manoeuvrable. Comparing gaze- and head-interaction, the two input methods were preferred by an equal number of participants. However, participants made more errors typing with gaze than with head. We conclude that virtual reality is a viable way of specifying and testing interfaces for telerobots and an effective probe for eliciting peoples subjective experiences.},
keywords = {accessibility, Eye writing, gaze interaction, human-robot interaction, Telerobot, Virtual reality},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Morimoto, Carlos H.; Leyva, Jose A. T.; Diaz-Tula, Antonio
Context Switching Eye Typing Using Dynamic Expanding Targets Inproceedings
In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Communication by Gaze Interaction, pp. 6:1–6:9, ACM, Warsaw, Poland, 2018, ISBN: 978-1-4503-5790-6.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: context switching, expanding targets, Eye tracking, Eye writing, eyetyping, gaze interaction, Gaze interaction with ordinary computers, Gaze-based assistive technologies
@inproceedings{Morimoto:2018:CSE:3206343.3206347,
title = {Context Switching Eye Typing Using Dynamic Expanding Targets},
author = {Carlos H. Morimoto and Jose A. T. Leyva and Antonio Diaz-Tula},
url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3206343.3206347},
doi = {10.1145/3206343.3206347},
isbn = {978-1-4503-5790-6},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Communication by Gaze Interaction},
pages = {6:1--6:9},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {Warsaw, Poland},
series = {COGAIN '18},
keywords = {context switching, expanding targets, Eye tracking, Eye writing, eyetyping, gaze interaction, Gaze interaction with ordinary computers, Gaze-based assistive technologies},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Majaranta, Päivi; Isokoski, Poika; Rantala, Jussi; Špakov, Oleg; Akkil, Deepak; Kangas, Jari; Raisamo, Roope
Haptic Feedback in Eye Typing Journal Article
In: Journal of Eye Movement Research, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2016.
BibTeX | Tags: Eye writing, Gaze-based assistive technologies
@article{majaranta2016haptic,
title = {Haptic Feedback in Eye Typing},
author = {Päivi Majaranta and Poika Isokoski and Jussi Rantala and Oleg Špakov and Deepak Akkil and Jari Kangas and Roope Raisamo},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Eye Movement Research},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {1--14},
keywords = {Eye writing, Gaze-based assistive technologies},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Tula, Antonio Diaz; Morimoto, Carlos H.
AugKey: Increasing Foveal Throughput in Eye Typing with Augmented Keys Inproceedings
In: Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 3533–3544, ACM, Santa Clara, California, USA, 2016, ISBN: 978-1-4503-3362-7.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: augmented feedback, eye typing, Eye writing, Gaze interaction paradigms, text-entry speed, Usability and UX evaluation of gaze-based interfaces, user experience, word prediction
@inproceedings{Diaz-Tula:CHI2016,
title = {AugKey: Increasing Foveal Throughput in Eye Typing with Augmented Keys},
author = {Antonio Diaz Tula and Carlos H. Morimoto},
url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2858036.2858517},
doi = {10.1145/2858036.2858517},
isbn = {978-1-4503-3362-7},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
pages = {3533--3544},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {Santa Clara, California, USA},
series = {CHI '16},
keywords = {augmented feedback, eye typing, Eye writing, Gaze interaction paradigms, text-entry speed, Usability and UX evaluation of gaze-based interfaces, user experience, word prediction},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Kurauchi, Andrew T. N.; Feng, Wenxin; Joshi, Ajjen; Morimoto, Carlos H.; Betke, Margrit
EyeSwipe: Dwell-free Text Entry Using Gaze Paths Inproceedings
In: Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1952–1956, ACM, Santa Clara, California, USA, 2016, ISBN: 978-1-4503-3362-7.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: dwell-free typing, Eye tracking, eye typing, Eye writing, Gaze interaction paradigms, target selection, text entry, Usability and UX evaluation of gaze-based interfaces
@inproceedings{Kurauchi:CHI2016,
title = {EyeSwipe: Dwell-free Text Entry Using Gaze Paths},
author = {Andrew T. N. Kurauchi and Wenxin Feng and Ajjen Joshi and Carlos H. Morimoto and Margrit Betke},
url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2858036.2858335},
doi = {10.1145/2858036.2858335},
isbn = {978-1-4503-3362-7},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
pages = {1952--1956},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {Santa Clara, California, USA},
series = {CHI '16},
keywords = {dwell-free typing, Eye tracking, eye typing, Eye writing, Gaze interaction paradigms, target selection, text entry, Usability and UX evaluation of gaze-based interfaces},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Porta, Marco
A study on text entry methods based on eye gestures Journal Article
In: Journal of Assistive Technologies, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 48-67, 2015, ISSN: 1754-9450.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Eye writing, Gaze interaction with ordinary computers, Gaze-based assistive technologies
@article{Porta2015,
title = {A study on text entry methods based on eye gestures},
author = {Marco Porta},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1108/JAT-12-2013-0037},
doi = {10.1108/JAT-12-2013-0037},
issn = {1754-9450},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Assistive Technologies},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {48-67},
publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited},
abstract = {Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to consider the two main existing text input techniques based on ``eye gestures'' -- namely EyeWrite and Eye-S -- and compare them to each other and to the traditional ``virtual keyboard'' approach. Design/methodology/approach -- The study primarily aims to assess user performance at the very beginning of the learning process. However, a partial longitudinal evaluation is also provided. Two kinds of experiments have been implemented involving 14 testers. Findings -- Results show that while the virtual keyboard is faster, EyeWrite and Eye-S are also appreciated and can be viable alternatives (after a proper training period). Practical implications -- Writing methods based on eye gestures deserve special attention, as they require less screen space and need limited tracking precision. This study highlights the fact that gesture-based techniques imply a greater initial effort, and require proper training not only to gain knowledge of eye interaction per se, but also for learning the gesture alphabet. The author thinks that the investigation can drive the designers of gaze-controlled writing techniques based on gestures to put more consideration on the intuitiveness of gestures themselves, as they may greatly influence user performance in the first stages of the learning process. Originality/value -- This is the first study comparing EyeWrite and Eye-S. Moreover, unlike other analyses, the investigation is mainly aimed at assessing user performance with the three text entry methods at the inception of the learning procedure.},
keywords = {Eye writing, Gaze interaction with ordinary computers, Gaze-based assistive technologies},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Räihä, Kari-Jouko
Life in the fast lane: Effect of language and calibration accuracy on the speed of text entry by gaze Inproceedings
In: IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, pp. 402–417, Springer, Cham 2015.
BibTeX | Tags: Eye writing
@inproceedings{raiha2015life,
title = {Life in the fast lane: Effect of language and calibration accuracy on the speed of text entry by gaze},
author = {Kari-Jouko Räihä},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
booktitle = {IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction},
pages = {402--417},
organization = {Springer, Cham},
keywords = {Eye writing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Majaranta, Päivi
Communication and Text Entry by Gaze Incollection
In: Gaze Interaction and Applications of Eye Tracking: Advances in Assistive Technologies, pp. 63–77, IGI Global, 2012.
BibTeX | Tags: Eye writing, Gaze-based assistive technologies
@incollection{majaranta2012communication,
title = {Communication and Text Entry by Gaze},
author = {Päivi Majaranta},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
booktitle = {Gaze Interaction and Applications of Eye Tracking: Advances in Assistive Technologies},
pages = {63--77},
publisher = {IGI Global},
keywords = {Eye writing, Gaze-based assistive technologies},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Hansen, John Paulin; Aoki, Hirotaka
Methods and measures: An introduction Incollection
In: Gaze interaction and applications of eye tracking: Advances in assistive technologies, pp. 197–204, IGI Global, 2012.
BibTeX | Tags: Eye writing, Usability and UX evaluation of gaze-based interfaces
@incollection{hansen2012methods,
title = {Methods and measures: An introduction},
author = {John Paulin Hansen and Hirotaka Aoki},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
booktitle = {Gaze interaction and applications of eye tracking: Advances in assistive technologies},
pages = {197--204},
publisher = {IGI Global},
keywords = {Eye writing, Usability and UX evaluation of gaze-based interfaces},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Räihä, Kari-Jouko; Ovaska, Saila
An exploratory study of eye typing fundamentals: dwell time, text entry rate, errors, and workload Inproceedings
In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, pp. 3001–3010, 2012.
BibTeX | Tags: Eye writing
@inproceedings{raiha2012exploratory,
title = {An exploratory study of eye typing fundamentals: dwell time, text entry rate, errors, and workload},
author = {Kari-Jouko Räihä and Saila Ovaska},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems},
pages = {3001--3010},
keywords = {Eye writing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Tula, Antonio Diaz; Campos, Filipe M. S.; Morimoto, Carlos H.
Dynamic Context Switching for Gaze Based Interaction Inproceedings
In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications, pp. 353–356, ACM, Santa Barbara, California, 2012, ISBN: 978-1-4503-1221-9.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: dynamic context switching, Eye writing, gaze based interaction, Gaze interaction paradigms, selection by gaze
@inproceedings{Diaz-Tula:ETRA2012,
title = {Dynamic Context Switching for Gaze Based Interaction},
author = {Antonio Diaz Tula and Filipe M. S. Campos and Carlos H. Morimoto},
url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2168556.2168635},
doi = {10.1145/2168556.2168635},
isbn = {978-1-4503-1221-9},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications},
pages = {353--356},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {Santa Barbara, California},
series = {ETRA '12},
keywords = {dynamic context switching, Eye writing, gaze based interaction, Gaze interaction paradigms, selection by gaze},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}